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1. NT和WDM式驱动

1. NT式驱动

传统的Windows系统驱动类型。NT式驱动的启动/停止/安装/卸载只能由 服务控制管理程序组件(SCM) 来完成的。
包括最简单的hello world，以及目前常用的文件过滤框架 minifilter 都是基于NT式实现的。
NT式驱动的最大特点即完全不依赖硬件支持即可工作在内核模式中。

VOID FilterUnload(PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject) {UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);
}VOID Initialize(PDRIVER_OBJECT pDriverObject) {pDriverObject->DriverUnload = FilterUnload;for (int i = 0; i < IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++) {pDriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = DispatchAny;}
}//
// DriverEntry
//
_Function_class_(DRIVER_INITIALIZE)_IRQL_requires_same__IRQL_requires_(PASSIVE_LEVEL)
EXTERN_C NTSTATUS DriverEntry(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT pDriverObject,_In_ PUNICODE_STRING pusRegistryPath) {// Enable POOL_NX_OPTIN// Set NonPagedPoolExInitializeDriverRuntime(DrvRtPoolNxOptIn);//// Init global data//BOOLEAN fSuccess = FALSE;__try {Initialize(pDriverObject);LOGINFO3("Driver Load\n");fSuccess = true;} __finally {if (!fSuccess) {FilterUnload(pDriverObject);}}return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

但是NT式驱动的缺点也正因如此，当需要用NT式驱动实现设备过滤时需要枚举每个需要的设备再附加到设备堆栈，例如早期的SFilter框架。

2.WDM驱动

支持即插即用(PNP)和电源管理功能的驱动类型，也是最常见的驱动类型，通常与硬件关联的驱动都是由WDM实现。
WDM驱动与NT式驱动的最大区别在于WDM驱动不支持SCM管理。虽然WDM驱动不支持SCM管理，但依然支持通过SCM启动，只是无法通过SCM停止。
在具体实现上，相比NT式驱动，WDM驱动必须额外注册AddDevice回调函数，此回调函数的作用是创建设备对象并由PNP管理器调用。
同时在IRP_MJ_POWER和IRP_MJ_PNP中处理设备插拔和电源的IRP请求。

VOID FilterUnload(PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject) {UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);
}NTSTATUS DispatchPower(PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, PIRP Irp) {NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_OBJECT_PARAMETER;PDEVICE_EXTENSION DevExt = NULL;do {DevExt = (PDEVICE_EXTENSION)(DeviceObject->DeviceExtension);IoAcquireRemoveLock(&DevExt->RemoveLock, Irp);
#if (NTDDI_VERSION < NTDDI_VISTA)PoStartNextPowerIrp(Irp);IoSkipCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);Status = PoCallDriver(DevExt->TargetDevice, Irp);
#elseIoSkipCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);Status = IoCallDriver(DevExt->TargetDevice, Irp);
#endifIoReleaseRemoveLock(&DevExt->RemoveLock, Irp);} while (false);return Status;
}NTSTATUS DispatchPnp(PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, PIRP Irp) {NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_OBJECT_PARAMETER;PDEVICE_EXTENSION DevExt = NULL;PDEVICE_OBJECT TargetDevice = NULL;PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpStack = NULL;bool LockState = true;do {DevExt = (PDEVICE_EXTENSION)(DeviceObject->DeviceExtension);IoAcquireRemoveLock(&DevExt->RemoveLock, Irp);TargetDevice = DevExt->TargetDevice;  //IrpStack = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);switch (IrpStack->MinorFunction) {case IRP_MN_START_DEVICE:  // 处理设备启动请求break;// case IRP_MN_QUERY_REMOVE_DEVICE: // 安全移除// case IRP_MN_SURPRISE_REMOVAL: // 强制移除case IRP_MN_REMOVE_DEVICE:  // 处理设备移除请求IoReleaseRemoveLockAndWait(&DevExt->RemoveLock, Irp);IoDetachDevice(DevExt->TargetDevice);  //IoDeleteDevice(DeviceObject);          //LockState = false;break;}//IoSkipCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);Status = IoCallDriver(DevExt->TargetDevice, Irp);if (LockState) {IoReleaseRemoveLock(&DevExt->RemoveLock, Irp);}} while (false);return Status;
}NTSTATUS AddDevice(PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, PDEVICE_OBJECT PDO) {NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;PDEVICE_EXTENSION DevExt = NULL;PDEVICE_OBJECT FilterDevice = NULL;Status = IoCreateDevice(DriverObject, sizeof(DEVICE_EXTENSION),NULL, PDO->DeviceType,PDO->Characteristics, FALSE, &FilterDevice);if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {LOGERROR(Status, "IoCreateDevice failed\n");return Status;}FilterDevice->Flags |= PDO->Flags;DevExt = (PDEVICE_EXTENSION)(FilterDevice->DeviceExtension);RtlZeroMemory(DevExt, sizeof(DEVICE_EXTENSION));IoInitializeRemoveLock(&DevExt->RemoveLock, c_nRmLockTag, 60, 0);DevExt->PDO = PDO;Status = IoAttachDeviceToDeviceStackSafe(FilterDevice,            //PDO,                     //&DevExt->TargetDevice);  //if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {LOGERROR(Status, "IoAttachDeviceToDeviceStackSafe failed\n");IoDeleteDevice(FilterDevice);return Status;}FilterDevice->Flags |= DevExt->TargetDevice->Flags & (DO_DIRECT_IO | DO_BUFFERED_IO);FilterDevice->Flags &= ~DO_DEVICE_INITIALIZING;return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}VOID Initialize(PDRIVER_OBJECT pDriverObject) {pDriverObject->DriverUnload = FilterUnload;for (int i = 0; i < IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++) {pDriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = DispatchAny;}pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_POWER] = DispatchPower;pDriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_PNP] = DispatchPnp;pDriverObject->DriverExtension->AddDevice = AddDevice;
}//
// DriverEntry
//
_Function_class_(DRIVER_INITIALIZE)_IRQL_requires_same__IRQL_requires_(PASSIVE_LEVEL)
EXTERN_C NTSTATUS DriverEntry(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT pDriverObject,_In_ PUNICODE_STRING pusRegistryPath) {// Enable POOL_NX_OPTIN// Set NonPagedPoolExInitializeDriverRuntime(DrvRtPoolNxOptIn);//// Init global data//BOOLEAN fSuccess = FALSE;__try {Initialize(pDriverObject);LOGINFO3("Driver Load\n");fSuccess = true;} __finally {if (!fSuccess) {FilterUnload(pDriverObject);}}return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

从上述的示例代码中可以看出，WDM驱动与NT式驱动的区。

2. 设备堆栈和IRP派遣

上图是USB存储设备的设备堆栈示例图，我们从下往上来看。
最下层是USB控制控制总线，由pci驱动创建设备的PDO(Physical Device Object)。
上一层是USB根控制器，由usbuhci驱动创建PDO，同时附加到下层的控制总线上。
更上层则是USB存储设备，由usbhub驱动创建PDO，附加到USB控制器。
最上层即实际的USB磁盘设备，由usbstor驱动创建PDO，附加到下一层的存储设备。
继续向上追溯的话，还有由disk驱动创建的磁盘分区，这里就不一一赘述了。
而所有的IRP请求都是由系统分发给最顶层的驱动程序，然后调用IoCallDriver向下分发，等待下层的执行的结果。
当然，实际的IO请求实际上是从卷设备开始分发的，而具体如何由卷设备派遣给磁盘设备的逻辑下次再说了。

• 如何由卷设备追溯顶级的USB设备

1）通过IOCTL_VOLUME_GET_VOLUME_DISK_EXTENTS请求获取物理磁盘的编号。

bool GetPhysicalDrive(PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, PWCH pPhysicalDrive, ULONG size) {VOLUME_DISK_EXTENTS vde;NTSTATUS status = IoControl(DeviceObject, IOCTL_VOLUME_GET_VOLUME_DISK_EXTENTS, NULL, 0, &vde, sizeof(vde));swprintf_s(pPhysicalDrive, size, L"\\??\\PhysicalDrive%lu", vde.Extents[0].DiskNumber);return true;
}

2）由物理磁盘的编号获取文件系统设备对象

PFILE_OBJECT FileObj;
NTSTATUS status = IoGetDeviceObjectPointer(&usDiskWin32Name, FILE_READ_DATA, &FileObj, &DevObj);
ObDereferenceObject(FileObj);
// Find FileSystem From Device Stack
UNICODE_STRING usFileSystemDriver = RTL_CONSTANT_STRING(L"\\FileSystem\\RAW");
DevObj = GetTargetDeviceFromStackByDriver(DevObj, &usFileSystemDriver);

3）由文件系统设备对象获取磁盘设备对象

IoGetDiskDeviceObject(DevObj, &DiskObj);

4）由磁盘设备对象获取磁盘驱动器对象

PDEVICE_OBJECT GetTargetDeviceFromStackByDriver(PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, PUNICODE_STRING DriverName) {PDEVICE_OBJECT TargetDevice;TargetDevice = IoGetLowerDeviceObject(DeviceObject);while (TargetDevice) {if (0 == RtlCompareUnicodeString(&TargetDevice->DriverObject->DriverName, DriverName, TRUE)) {break;}DeviceObject = TargetDevice;TargetDevice = IoGetLowerDeviceObject(DeviceObject);ObDereferenceObject(DeviceObject);}return TargetDevice;
}// Find USBSTOR From Device Stack
UNICODE_STRING usUsbstorDriver = RTL_CONSTANT_STRING(L"\\Driver\\USBSTOR");
DevObj = GetTargetDeviceFromStackByDriver(DiskObj, &usUsbstorDriver);